#9 What are “Rules of Engagement”? Military Mandates & Instructions for the Use of Force – Dr Regeena Kingsley The imposition of restrictive rules on armed forces during wartime operations is not a new practice. Indeed, evidence of their use has been traced back as far as the Middle Ages, enshrined in the royal ‘Letters of Marque and Reprisal’ commissions issued to medieval knights in the fourteenth century, and found within similar commissions and charters given to privateers plundering foreign trade ships in the Elizabethan era of the sixteenth century.[1] The concept of Rules of Engagement (ROE) as